مڪلي نامي ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن جو مصنف، مير علي شير قانع اهڙيءَ اوسر کي ڏسندو رهيو. سندس سڀئي تصنيفون ٺٽي جي علمي شان جون آخري نشانيون آهن. سندس وفات کان ٿورو پوءِ سندس شهر جي تجارتي ۽ سياسي اهميت بلڪل ختم ٿي چڪي هئي. ٽالپرن سنڌ جي راجڌاني حيدرآباد کي بنايو هو، جنهن جو بنياد 1768ع ۾ رکيو ويو هو. سنڌو درياء، ڇوڙ لٽ پوڻ ڪري سوڙهو ٿي ويو هو، جنهن جو ذڪر ٽئورنيئر 1690ع ۾ پڻ ڪيو هو. ان کان سواءِ سنڌوءَ جي رخ ۾ پڻ ڪيتريون تبديليون اچي ويون هيون، جنهن هن شاندار شهر لاءِ مشڪلاتون پيدا ڪري ڇڏيون هيون.

جيمس برنس سن 1827ع ۾ هتي آيو هو، ان وقت ٺٽي جي آدمشماري گهٽجي هزارن تي پهتي هئي(154). اِي.بي.ايسٽوِڪ هن کان ٻارهن سال پوءِ هتي آيو هو، جنهن هن شهر جي زبون حاليءَ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي. چوي ٿو ته، ”سندس حالت مايوس ڪن آهي.“ هن ٺٽي ڀرسان جنهن مقبري جي منظر نگاري ڪئي آهي، سو لڳي ٿو ته عيسيٰ ترخان ٻئي جي رانڪ هئي. سندس بيان آهي ته مذڪوره اڏاوت کان سواءِ هي شهر ڀڙڀانگ لڳو پيو هو، جيڪو ماضيءَ جو هڪ نهايت شاندار شهر هوندو هو. سندس اندازي مطابق هن شهر جي ڪل آدمشماري ڏهه هزار هئي، جيڪا برنس جي ٻارنهن سال اڳ ٻڌايل آدمشماري جو چوٿون حصو وڃي بچي هئي(155).

پوسٽنس 1843ع واري ٽالپرن جي شڪست کان پوءِ سنڌ آيو هو ۽ انگريز انتظاميه ۾ شريڪ ٿيو هو. هو ٺٽي بابت ٻڌائي ٿو ته، ”اهو مڪمل طور تي تباهه ٿي چڪو آهي. سندس آدمشماري جيڪا ڪڏهن اسي هزار هئي، هاڻي ان جو ڏهون حصو به ڪونه بچيو آهي“(156). 1876ع جي لکيل هڪ گزيٽيئر جو بيان آهي ته هِتان جي موسم ڏاڍي خطرناڪ آهي ۽ بخار جو سدائين خطرو رهي ٿو. وڌيڪ ٻڌائي ٿو ته ٺٽو سڀني مصيبتن جو مجموعو آهي. ان وقت قانع کي وفات ڪئي صدي به ڪانه گذري هئي، جو هن مڪليءَ جي سونهن سوڀيا ۽ شان شوڪت جي ساراهه جا ڍڪ ڀريا. مناسب اهو لڳي ٿو ته پوئين نسل جي دکدائڪ بيانن بدران سندس ڪتاب مڪلي نامي مان ڪو اقتباس ڏنو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته سنڌي ثقافت جي عاشقن مڪلي کي وري اهميت ڏيڻ شروع ڪئي. پير حسام الدين راشديءَ پنهنجي دفن ٿيڻ لاءِ پڻ هن ماڳ جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.

”هڪ دلچسپ جبل، روشنيءَ جو ماڳ، جيئن جبل طورسينا، جتي بلاشڪ نور جو نئون ترورو ظاهر ٿيو. مشڪل سان خدا جي دوستن (ولين) کي، گڏجڻ جي اهڙي جاءِ ملي ٿي، ۽ فقيرن کي آرام لاءِ ورلي اهڙو ماڳ ملندو. هر رات هڪجهڙي هجي ٿي. هر ڏينهن عيد جي برابر هوندو آهي، روشنين سان ڀرپور. هتي جي صبح الّٰہ جي ڳُجهن جي اسرار برابر آهي، ۽ شام مهربان ۽ چشمي جي نه ختم ٿيندڙ روشنيءَ برابر هجي ٿي. هن ٽڪريءَ جي مٽي اکين جو ٺار ۽ ٽڪريءَ جي جاءِ ڳجهه ۽ اسرار برابر آهي(157).

بھشتی در زمین پُر نور جایست

زیارتگاہِ مردانِ خدایست

نہ رخشان است اختر اندر آن جا

بود چشمِ ملک ]128[ بھرِ نظر وا

خور از شوقِ زیارت در تب افتاد

کہ اندر لرزہ جسمش تا شب افتاد

نہ بینی بر فلک آنجا مہِ نو

ڪه مر چشم  ملائک راست ابرو

ازان نوری ڪه زين ڪُه رفت بالا

بود شمعِ حضورِ ملا^ء اعلا

بنام ایزد چہ کوھی پر فتوح است

خرامان در طوافش فوج روح است

بھر گنبد صدای "رَبِ ارنِیْ"

بھر دیوار نقشِ "لاتَذَرْنِی"

ستونی آهکِ هر مضجعِ او

"اُجیبو داعِی اللہ"، مجمعِ اُو

پیٔ آسودگانش "طَابَ مَثواہ"

انیسِ همدمانش "لِی مَعْ اللہ"

سیاهیٔ شبِ 'اسرا' ست شامش

سفیدیٔ سحر لبریزِ بامش

پیٔ شب زندہ دارانش فلک را

کلف دان قھوہ در فنجانِ مینا

برای دفع کلفتھای زوّار

شفق معجونِ یاقوتی پدیدار

پیٔ فرح مجاورهای هر پیر

بدستِ صبح جامی از طباشیر

شبش را اختران حَبِ نباتند

کہ مر کامِ خلائق را براتند

برایٔ صایمانِ خلوت دوست

ثریا  خوشہ ای  افشاندہ  از  پوست

بجامِ مہر آن نوری کہ پیداست

پیٔ افطار زواران او ماست

قمر مشعل فروزی ھر مطافی

فلک خدمت گذاری سینہ صافی

سحر سیرانِ این کوہِ معلیٰ

چو خور دارند آتش در تہِ پا

بھر درگہ کہ فرض آمد عبادت

ز خود رفتن بود تقدیم خدمت

نباشد زائرِ او کمتر از حاج

مگر نبود پیٔ احرام محتاج

گر آن جا در "صفا" سعی است لازم

درین جا سعی از بھرِ صفا ھم

بہ سالی آن بود فرضِ خلایق

بھفتہ چند بار اینجا ست لایق

ھر آن نوری کہ آن جا در سطوع است

ز اصل الاصل اینجا ھم فروع است

نباشد غیر نورِ ایزدی نور

نظر در رفتن ]است[ از خویش معذور

بصد روزن ھمان یک نور تابد

دلِ محرم ازین اسرار یابد

اگر مر کعبہ جویان راست دل صاف

ز خود بر غیر رفتنھا چہ انصاف

یگان سنگ و شررها از حد افزون

بچون و چند سایر ذات بیچون

برھمن مر بُتی را ساخت اول

وزان بر خالقیّت جست منھل

بود خالق شود مخلوق ابلہ

درین رہ سخت پا لغزیست باللہ

برانیم آن بنا را ساخت برپا

برای طاعتِ خلق اللہ ماوا

از آن تا این نباشد فرق در سنگ

مگر ھر یک رود راھی بیک رنگ

الٰھی راہ راہِ خویش بنما

طلسمِ وحدت از کثرت تو بکشا

]129[ بکن دل را بدردِ خویش مسرور

بدہ خونِ مرا نیرنگِ منصور

بنای شوقِ من دم ذوقِ قدسی

بھا و ھوی خویشم ساز انسی

الٰھی ذرہ ام را ذوقِ مھری

کہ باشد روشنیٔ صد سپھری

کرم کن صافیٔ مینای توحید

بلغزان پای من زین جادۂ کید

نشانِ پای ما را بخش آن ذوق

کہ بنماید دری از کعبۂ شوق

صُور جویان اگر در خویش بینند

بتختِ "لِی مَعَ اللہ" بر نشینند

در اینجا ھر کُھی بی کھربا نیست

دلی نبود کہ اندر وی خدا نیست

خدا در ما وما اندر خدائیم

حباب آسا جدا از ما و مائیم

مکانی جز مکین واللہ باللہ

بود نورِ الٰھی مشعلِ راہ

ھر آن نوری کہ زاھد دید در خواب

بمستان کشف اندر عالمِ آب

حضوری کز رخِ محراب تابد

شرابی درمیانِ آب یابد

مناجاتی خدا را جست و نایافت

خراباتی ببر مطلوبِ خود یافت

بیا ساقی بدہ آن جام سرشار

کہ از خود وا رھاند فکر و افکار

بمستی بخشم از خویشم رھائی

بفیضِ اھل مکلی یا الٰھی

حکایت

خدا جوئی بکعبہ کرد آھنگ

شرار آسا برون زد خیمہ از سنگ

بپای شوق پوئیدی شب و روز

نشانِ دوست جوئیدی شب و روز

طلب را آتشی افروختہ داشت

دلی در نار شوقی سوختہ داشت

نسیم آسا زدی مستانہ راھی

برنگ بوی گل نیز از نگاھی

رسید اینجا و اندر جوشِ خود تفت

شنیدم از دلش زنگ دوئی رفت

زدہ یک نعرۂ مستانہ در دم

کہ "ھذا مَکّۃُ لِی" پیشِ عالم

چنان احوال وارستانِ عشق ست

چنین اقوال سرمستانِ عشق است

بلی نوری کہ ھم امروز پیداست

درین جا پھر حق دان کز خدا خاست

حضورِ شاھدِ عرفان است این کوہ

بنای پایۂ ایمان است این کوہ

دعا را فتحیابی این چنین نیست

عدیلِ این زمین خلدِ برین نیست

Notes

1. This article is mainly based on Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi's edition of of Mir Ali Shir Qani's Maklinama, which is a compendium of Sindhi history of the later Middle Ages. It contains a Sindhi introduction of 40 pages, the Persian text of 96 pages, and 743 pages of notes and explanations, further 136 photographs, and a number of family trees. Published by the Sindhi Adabi Board, Hyderabad 1967.

2. A Gazetteer of the Province of Sind, ed. by A.W. Hughes, London 1876, pp. 837-40.

3. Sindhi Literature, The Divan of Abd-ul-Latif, known by the name of Shaha jo Risalo, ed. by Ernest Trumpp, Printed by F.A.Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1866.

4. Grammar of the Sindhi Language, Compared with the Sanskrit-Prakrit and the cognate Indian vernaculars, by Dr. Ernest Trumpp, London 1872, repr. Osnabruck 1970. For Trumpp's work see: A. Schimmel, Ernest Trumpp. A brief account of his life and work, Pak-German Forum, Karachi, 1961; and the same, German Contributions to the study of Pakistani linguistics. German-Pak Forum, Hamburg, 1981.

5.   Das Sindhi im Vergleich zum Prakrit und den anderen neueren Dialekten sanskritischen Ursprungs, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, 16, 1861.

6. Gazetteer, pp. 126-145.

7. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, Calcutta 1929, pp. 123 ff. Maklinama Notes, pp. 11-40; see also Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, Karachi 1956, p.19 note 2.

8. Mir Ali Shir Qani , Maqalat ash-shu'ara, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Karachi 1957, p.17.

9. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, Oxford University Press 1940, p.82 ff, esp. p.88 note 4.

10. Amir Khusrau, Diwan-i kamil, ed. M. Darwish, Tehran 1343sh/1965, Nr. 486. For the problem of the origin of Thatta see now Dr. N.A. Baloch, "The Origin cf Thatta", appendix to A.H. Dani, Thatta. Islamic Architecture, Islamabad 1982, pp. 198-202.

11. Qani ', Maqalat ash-shu'ara, p.815.

12. Abdul Qadir Bada'uni, Muntakhab at-tawarikh, ed. W. Nassau Lees et al., Calcutta 1864-1869, transl. Vol. I by G. Ranking, Vol.11 by W.H. Lowe, Vol. Ill by T.W. Haig, Calcutta 1884-1925, repr. Delhi 1973. Vol. I, text p. 238. transl. p. 317.

13. Quoted in Maklinama, Notes pp. 28 ff.

14. See Dani, Thatta, pp. 30-32. A ruined mosque has been found in the fortress.

15. Maklinama; Notes pp. 731-732.

16. Maklinama, Notes p.711. The Tuhfat at-tahirin, a rather late work, mentions 78 saints' tombs on Makli altogether.

17. Bustan-i bahar is, like most of Qani''s titles, the chronogramm of the completion of his work, i.e. 1174/1761.

18. For the activities of the Shukrullah family and the family trees see the various accounts in Qani' 's Maqalat ash-shu'ara. A brief account in Sadarangam, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 124-134. For the quarters of the family in old Thatta see Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, "Thatta shahr ji agati Jagrafi" (The old geography of the city of Thatta). Mehran 1972 Nos. 3-4, p.130.

19. Mir Ali Shir Qani', Tuhfat al-kiram. ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Hyderabad 1971, with numerous notes.

20. About Tahir Nisyani see Qani ' , Maqalat ash-shu'ara, pp. 376-377. The Tarikh-i Tahiri ed. by Dr. N.A. Baloch, Hyderabad 1964.

21. Dhdkhirat al-khawanin by Shaikh Farid Bakhari. For a new study of Sindh in the Arghun and Tarkhan period see now: Ansar Zahid Khan, History and culture of Sind, A study of socio-economic organization and institutions during the 16th and 17th centuries. Karachi 1980.

22. Mir Ma'sum was the son of the shaikh ul-lslam of Bakhar. Many of the inscriptions in Agra and Fathpur Sikri contain his own verses, calligraphed by himself in excellent nasta'liq. His biography: Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Amin ul-Mulk Mir Muhammad Ma'sum Bakhari, Hyderabad 1979. His Tarikh-i Ma'sumi was published in the Persian original by U.M. Daudpota, Poona 1938, in an Urdu translation Karachi 1959, and a Sindhi translation Hyderabad 1963.

23. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, pp. 15-17.

24. The Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir, edited by Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Aligarh 1864; transl. by A. Rogers, ed. by H. Beveridge, repr. Delhi 1978;

25. Sayyid Abdul Qadir Thattawi, Hadiqat al-auliya, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi. Hyderabad 1967. The Introduction contains a very important list of hagiographical works concerning Sindh.

26. Muhammad A'zam Thattawi, Tuhfat at-tahirin, ed. Agha Badruddin Durrani, Karachi 1958.

27. Tarikh-i Tahiri, p 54, quoted in Maklinama Notes p.6

28. Ibid., p. 53, quoted in Maklinama Notes p.7.

29. Dhakhirat al-khawanin, manuscript, quoted in Maklinama Notes p.7.

30. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, pp. 136-137.

31. Maklinama p. 20; see also Hadiqat al-auliya, pp. 49-60; Tuhfat at-tahirin Nr. I, 12 pp. 27-30, Sadarangani, Persian Poets ol Sind, p. 10; I'jaz ul-Haqq Quddusi, Tadhkirat-i-Saufiae Sindh, Karachi 1959, No. 15. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu'ara, pp. 152 - 157 attributes to Hammad Jamali a little Persian song which is otherwise considered to be a product of Jamali Kanboh, the court poet of Sikandar Lodi. Most writers follow Qani's attributions:

Do gazak buriya u postaki…

Two little yards of a reedmat and a little sheepskin,

A little heart filled with pain for a little friend.

That is enough for Jamali,

The vagrant, carefree lover.

In S.M. Ikram, Armaghan-i Pak, Karachi 1953, p. 158, where the poem is quoted in connection with Jamali Kanboh, two more lines are added:

A little lungi above, a little lungi beneath,

neither grief on account of a thief nor grief on account of household goods.

It sounds indeed more like a genuine Sufi verse than that of a court poet.

32. Dani, Thatta. p. 35 shows the "Medrese pavilion of Shaikh Hammad Jamali".

33. Hadiqat al-auliya pp. 40-48; Madrassah, Tadhkira No.10.

34. Dani, Thatta. pp. 48 ff.

35. Ibid. p. 39 "So-called tomb of Jam Tamachi and Nuri".

36. Hadiqat al -auliya. p. 63-64; Tuhfat at-tahirin 1,1, pp. 10-16; Quddusi. Tadhkira Nr. 37; Richard Burton, Sindh, and the races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus, pp. 222 ff.; Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit. p. 248. Allusions to Pir Murad occur also in Balochi poetry, see Longworth Dames, Popular Poetry of the Baloches. 2 vols., London 1907, p. 146.

37. Maklinama, Notes pp. 720 ff.; Tuhfat at-tahirin I, 6. pp. 22-23; Quddusi, Tadhkira No. 26; Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, p. 11; Dani, Thatta, p. 33. discusses the Madrassah of Isa Langoti.

38. Hadiqat al-auliya, pp.65-66; Tuhfat at-tahirin I, 3, pp. 17-20; Quddusi, Tadhkira No.22 (gives 971 as date of his death). According to the legends collected in these works, some people in Mecca doubted the sayyidship of Sayyid Ali Shirazi; but when he greeted the Prophet in his rauda in Madina, the Prophet's voice was heard. "Here I am - labbaika-my son!" (A similar story is also told about Makhdum Jahanyan of Ucch).

39. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, p. 160. 289, based on Tarikh-i Tahiri. p. 53. s.a. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p. 113.

40. Burton, Sindh and the races ... , pp. 224-225.

41. Tuhfat at-tahirin, p 38. Nr. I, 15, p. 32 claims that one has to visit the place on the first Sunday of the month, and repeat that for seven months in order to increase in intelligence. Dani, speaks of a hexagonal tomb which" appears to belong to Oadi Abdallah".

42. See Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, p. 12.

43. Abdul Baqi Nihawandi, Maathir-i Rahimi, Vol.1, p.274.

44. Tarikh-i Tahiri, p.55 ff.; also Qani ' , Tuhfat al-kiram, p. 109ff. The motif as to how the king became aware of the slave's sagacity is an old topic of folk tales: by putting some straw in the cold drink, the boy hindered the thirsty king from drinking to hastily. Qani' makes     Darya    Khan    a    sayyaidzah who    had    fallen    on    bad days.

45. The question whether Darya Khan and Mubarak Khan were indeed the same person, has been discussed by Ghulam Muhammad Lakho, "Chha Darya Khan ain Mubarak Khan bai alag shakhis ahen?" Mehran 30. Nos. 1-2. 1981. pp. 223-234, against M.H. Siddigia, History of Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sindh, Hyderabad, 1972.

46. Maklinama Notes p. 100: the inscription mentions Jam Feroz.

47. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind. p.114f.; plates XXXIII-XXXIV; Dani, Thatta, pp. 65-89, and numerous pictures; he thinks that the construction must have begun during Nizamuddin's lifetime.

48. Maklinama. p. 23.

49. Maklinama Notes p. 112, Dani, Thatta. p. 43ff. 'Tomb enclosure of Mubarak Khan".

50. Cf. M.A. Ghafur, The Calligraphers of Thatta, Karachi 1978.

51. See the survey by Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath, Chaukhandigraber, Studien zur Grabkunst in Sind und Baluchistan. Wiesbaden 1978.

52. Qani’ , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p.660 ff, gives the chronogram. Kamran's Turki Diwan was published by Mahfuz ul-Haqq, Azamgarh 1929. S.a. Alam Khan, Mirza Kamran, Aligarh, 1949.

53. For this development see Rashid Burhanpuri, Burhanpur ke Sindhi auliya. Karachi 1957.

54. Qani’ , Maqalat ash-shu' ara. pp. 271-289 a good biography; Sadarangeni, Persian Poets of Sind. p.21.

55. About the immigration to Sindh and the leading figures under Shah Hasan Arghun see Tarikh-i Ma'sumi (Sindhi), pp.233-245.

56. Qani ', Maqalat ash-shu ara. p. 791.

57. Ibid., pp. 429-430.

58. Tarikh-i Ma'sumi (Sindhi), p. 256. About the role of the earlier Puranis in Herat see some remarks in Qati'i, The Majma 'ash-shu ara-i Jahangirshahi', ed. Muhd. Saleem Akhtar, Karachi 1979, p. 103.

59. Qani, Maqalat ash-shu’ ara, pp. 185-186; Sadarangani. Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 22-24.

60. Qani' , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara. pp. 676 ff.; Hadi Hasan, "Qasim-i Kahi; His Life, Time, and Work", IC 27 (1953); and the same, "Introduction to the Diwan of Qasim-i Kahi, Indo-lranica VIII 4, 1955.

61. Bada'uni, Muntakhab at-tawarikh. Vol. Ill, text 173, transl. 242 ff.

62. Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, The Hague 1968, p. 284; E.G. Browne, A Literary Hittory of Persia. Vol.111, 473-486; Kulliyat-i Qasim-i Anwar, ed. Said Nafisi, Tehran 1337sh/1958.

63. Mazhar al-athar, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Karachi 1957.

64. Sam Mirza, Tuhfa-i Sami, ed. Humayun Farrukh, Tehran 1347 sh/1968.

65. Qani’, Tuhfat al-kiram. p.210.

66. Fakhri Harawi, Raudat as-salatin wa Jawahir al-‘aja‘ib, ed. Sayyid Husaamuddin Rashdi, Hyderabad 1968; the same, "Fakhri Harawi u sih athar-i u", Majalls Danishkeda-i adabiyat, Mashhad, 12. No. 2,1350 sh/1971.

67. For the problem of Turkish literature In India see A.Schimmel, "Babur Padishah the Poet, with an account of the poetical talent in his family", IC 34 (I960), the same,

"Turkisches in Indien", in Scholia. Festschrift Annemarie von Gebain, Wiesbaden 1981. The Hadiqat al-auliy mentions, p.84-85, that Qadi Dita Siwistani in the time of Hasan Arghun knew Turki.

68. Tuhfat at-tahirin, I, 34, pp. 50-53; see Burton, Sindh and the races. . . p.226. The same topic occurs in german as "The miller of Sanssouci" and is told about the Prussian king Frederick II in the 18th century.

69. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 151.

70. For an outsider's report about Sindh during the last year of the Arghun rule see Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi's article, "Sindh in the tenth century hijri - two chapters from Sidi Ah Reis' Safarnama", Mehran 1971, pp. 1-60 (with the original Turkish text of the account of the Ottoman captain).

71. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p.35.

72. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 44, Isma'il Bakhshi.

73. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p.116; Dani, Thatta, p.114.

74. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p.362; about his tomb Dani, Thatta, p.118.

75. Dani. Thatta, pp. 134-140: the tomb of Jan Baba.

76. Maklinama, Notes p.618. Tarikh-i Tahiri, p. 131 f. tells a sad story about the assassination of a pious hermit on Makli Hill, and goes into many details about Baqi Beg's disgusting acts.

77. Qani' , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 817.

78. Long descriptions of Qadi Khamisa's stupidity and impudence in Tarikh-i Tahiri p. 122 ff.

79. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p. 35.

80. Ibid. p. 117, plate XXXVI. But see for another attribution Dani, Thatta, pp.115-116.

81. Qani ' , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 234.

82. Ibid., p   526-527; Tarikh-i Tahiri, p.207.

83. Bada'uni, Muntakhab at-tawarikh , Vol. II text p. 304, transl. p. 314.

84. Tarikh-i Tahiri, pp.207-209; Qani' , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, pp. 140-144; Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 24-25. The claim of some sources that Jani Beg met the great musician Tansen at Akbar's court cannot be verified, for Tansen died in 1589, that is, before Sindh was annexed to the Moghul Empire.

85. Cousens. Antiquities of Sind, plate CLII-CIV; Dani, Thatta, p.173 f.

86. Talib-i Amuli, Kulliyat. ed. Tahiri Shihabi, Tehran s.d. (1346sh/1965). p.56. In another qasida, which is rather insipid and repeats, for instance, the rhyme-word samandar four times, Talib says (p.27):

The parrot, like an ant, puts his foot always on the taste [of the lip]

Because from his (Ghazi's) speech molten sugar dripples down.

Like the dew of the rose, thus dripples from the movement of his finger

The water (= lustre) of pearls from his pen.

87. The miniature with Mirza Ghazi's portrait, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London, is published in Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, plate 31, ad p. 828.

88. Chanesarnama, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Karachi 1956. See also Sadarangan, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 33-41. Mir Ma’ sum Nami, versified the Sindhi-Panjabi folktale of Sassui Punhun as Naz–u-niyaz or Husn-u-naz.

89. See Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, Vol. I, pp. 71, 75, 86, 131, especially 133, 151, and 173.

90. Talib-i Amuli, Kulliyat, p. 28, s. a. p. 25 a congratulation for ' Id al-qurban. Poems dedicated to Mirza Ghazi are found on pp. 25, 26. 45, 50-54, 57-63,64, 72, 77, and 98-104; they surpass in number those dedicated to Talib's later patron Jahangir and his family members.

91. See Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 41-48, especially p. 47 note 5, based on Farid Bakhari's Dhakhirat al-khawanin.

92. Tarikh-i Tahiri, pp. 263 ff. There also the chronogramm.

93. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, plates LII-LIV.

94. Qani', Tuhfat al-kiram, p.214-216; Maklinama, Notes pp.195-232.

95. Qani’, Tuhfat al-kiram, p. 216 note 1. and Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi in Mehran 1968 No.4,p.87.

96. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p.121. plates LXIII-LXV. Dani, Thatta, pp. 175-177 S.H. Rashdi, "Thatta shahra ji agati jagrafi". pp. 135-136.

97. Maklinama, p. 30, Dani, Thatta, pp. 164-166.

98. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 376; Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 50-52.

99. Maklinama Notes p. 702.

100. Qani ' , Tuhfat al-kiram, p. 320 ff. Maklinama, Notes pp. 237-627 an account of Isa Tarkhan's life and the life of all his family members.

101. Maklinama, Notes p. 739.

102. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p.488ff. (with picture).

103. Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, p. 262 (1023/1614).

104. Dani, Thatta, p. 186.

105. So in Qani ', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 324.

106. Maklinama, Notes p. 290.

107. Ibid. p. 320; on the following pages, especially 324-325, assessments of Isa Tarkhan's character by various authors.

108. Sayyid Mir Muhammad ibn Sayyid Jalal Tattawi. Tarkhannama, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Hyderabad 1967.

109. Qani', Tuhfat al-kiram p. 321.

110. Maklinama p.38.

111. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind. p. 118. Plates XLI, L. LI, CXXXVI, XLVII, XLIX; Dani, Thatta, pp. 141-148 with numerous pictures.

112. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu ' ara p. 379; Maklinama Notes p. 466.

113. Amir khan's picture in the Darbar-i Jahangiri BM Add. 18818, shown in the Exhibition of the Coronation Darbar, p. 112, Nr.556.

114. For this Shuhud son of Amirkhan see Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 66-68.

115. Yusuf Mirak Sindhi, Mazhar-i Shahjahani, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Hyderabad 1962, see the introduction about the problem of ijara.

116. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p. 117 f, plates XXXVIII-XL; Dani, Thatta, p. 174.

117. Cousens, I.c., pp. 120-121, Dani, I.c., pp.190-195.

118. Qani', Maqalat ash- shu 'ara, p. 418 f. See also Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, II p. 416, Supplement II p. 598.

119. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara. pp. 245-247.

120. B.A. Hashmi, "Sarmad, His Life and Quatrains", IC. 7 (1933) and 8(1934); W. Fischel, "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India". IC 25 (1951).

121. Qani '. Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 19 mentions one Ahmad Ali Mazandarani, who came with an embassy of Shah Abbas and fell in love with a Brah­min's son in Thatta, he composed a poem about his qashqa (cast mark).

122. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind. p. 116, Dani, Thatta. p. 161.

123. Hadiqat al-auliya. pp. 61-62; Tuhfat –at-tahirin I, 21, pp. 38-39; Quddusi. Tadhkira Nr. 12. Burton, Sindh, and the races, .p.86 f. gives a long account of these legendary events.

124. Maklinama p. 24. Notes pp. 190 ff.

125. Ibid. p. 26, Notes p. 193; Tuhfat at-tahirin 1,41, pp. 59 – 60.

126. Ibid. pp. 28-29.

127. Ibid. p. 35. Notes p. 234.

128. Ibid p. 61, Notes p. 667.

129. Ibid. p. 27, Notes pp. 656-669; see also Burton, Sindh, and the aces, p.228

130. Qani', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara. pp. 390-393, with a picture of the place.

131. About Ma'il, Qani's son, see Ibrahim Khalil Thattawi, Takmila Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Karachi 1958. p. 537ff.

132. Qani' , Tuhfat al - kiram, p. 110.

133. For the movement see Bazmee Ansari, "Sayyid Muhammad Jawnpuri and his move­ment". Islamic Studies II, 1963.

134. Bada'uni, Muntakhab at-tawarikh, Vol.III, text p. 67, transl. p. 111. S.a. text p. 45, transl. 74ff.

135. His Sindhi verses which were recently discovered in a manuscript in Hariyana, have been edited by Hiro Thakur, Qadi Qadan jo kalam, Delhi 1978.

136. About him see Dara Shikoh, Safinat al-auliya, ed. Jalali Na'ni, Tehran 1344sh/ 1965. His mausoleum in Lahore, Cantonment area, is still frequently visited; the tomb of Dara's wife Nadira Begum, who is buried close to Mian Mir, has recently been repaired.

137. Maklimama, Notes pp. 628-655, esp. 646 ff.

138. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, p 45 ff.

139. Ibid., p. 117. Cousens, Antiquities of Sind, p. 218.

140. Sorley, I.c., p. 80 ff.

141. Qani ' , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 346.

142. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit, p. 9.

143. Gulraj Parsram, Sind and its Sufis, Madras 1924, repr. Lahore, p. 53.

144. Ib.d. p. 377: Akhund Faiz Allah.

145. Qani ', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 339.

146. Ibid., pp. 475-478.

147. Ibid., pp. 442-443; Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 70-75, Abdul Hakim 'Ata, Diwan, ed. Rashid Burhanpuri, Karachi s.d.; the same. Hasht Bihisht, ed. Sayyid Hussamuddin Rashdi, Karachi 1963.

148. Qani’ , Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, pp. 437-439.

149. Ibid., p. 355.                                         

150. Ibid., pp. 702-703; Sadarangani, Persian Poets of Sind, pp. 91-100; Diwan-i Muhsin, ed. Habibullah Rushdi, Hyderabad 1963.

a. Qani ', Maqalat ash-shu 'ara, p. 842; Brockelmann, GAL Supplement II pp. 612-613; Storey, Persian Literature II, p. 138, 207; Billimoria, Bibliography of the publications relating to Sind and Balochistan No. 421; A. Schimmel, "Sindhi Literature", in Jan Gonda, History of Indian Literature. Wiesbaden 1973, p.18-20.

152. The first religious book in Sindhi on non-mystical subjects was Mian Abul-Hasan's Muqaddimat as-salat. For the whole development see Sayyid Husamuddin Rashdi, Sindhi Adab, Karachi, s.d.

153. A. Schimmel, "Translations and commentaries of the Qur'an in the Sindhi language", Orient XV, 1963. S.A. Burton, Sindh. and the races, pp. 81-82.

154.

151. Ibrahim Khalil's Takmila contains a list of all of Makhdum Muhammad Hashim's writings; s.J. Burnes, A visit to the Court of Sindh (1829), repr. 1974, pp. 1 28-129.

155. E.B., Eastwick, A Glance at Sind before Napier, or Dry leaves from Young Egypt, 1849, repr. 1973, 20.

156. T. Postans, Personal Observations on Sindh, London 1843. p. 25 f.

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