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Bibliography
part 1
HISTORICAL
1. GENERAL
HISTORY.
Cambridge History
of India, Vol. V. 1929.
Cambridge History
of India, Vol. IV. 1937. The Mughal
Period.
Cambridge Shorter
History of India. Cambridge, 1934).
Dunbar, G.
History of India— from the earliest times
to the present day.
London, 1936.
Smith, V. A.
Oxford Student's History of India. Oxford,
1913.
Lyall. Rise of
British Dominion in India. 1893.
Elliot and Dowson.
History of India as told by its own
historians. 1867-77.
Ilbert.
Government of India. Third edition.
Oxford, 1915.
2. HISTORY OF
SIND.
Ray. Dynastic
History of Northern India. Calcutta, 1931.
Burton, R.
History of Sindh. London, 1851.
Seton, D.
History of the Caloras. Bombay Record
Office Selection 93 of 1802-7.
Crowe, N.
Account of Sind, Bombay Record Office
Selection 93 of 1802.
Hughes, A. W.
Gazetteer of the Province of Sind. Bombay,
1874.
3. ORIGINAL
AUTHORITIES.
Mir Muhammad Ma'sum
Shah of Bakhar. Tarikh-i-Ma'sumi.
Mir Tahir
Muhammad Nasyani of Tatta. Tarikh-i-Tahiri.
Amir Sayid
Kasim Beqlar. Beqlarnama.
Sayid Jamal walad
Mir Jalaluddin Husaini Shirazi. Tarkhan
Nama.
All Shir Qani of
Tatta. Tuhfat-ul Kiram.
Shaikh Abu'1
Fazl. Ain-i-Akbari. Trans. Three
volumes. I by Blochmann. II and III by Jarrett.
4.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAI. AND STATISTICAL WORK'S.
Shafaat Ahmad
Khan. Sources for the History of British
India in the seventeenth century. 1926.
Robinson. The
trade of the East India Company. 1912.
Foster, W. W.
Guide to the India Office Records. 1919.
Foster, W. W.
England's Quest of Eastern Trade. 1933.
Shafaat Ahmad
Khan. East India Trade in the Seventeenth
Century. 1923.
Davies.
Bibliography of British History (Stuart period
1601-1714). 1928.
P9oBal
Krishna. Commercial Relations between India
and England (1601-1757). 1924.
Wheeler, R.
Talboys. Early Records of British
India. 1878.
5. TRAVEL AND
TRAVELLERS IN INDIA.
Barbosa. Livro de
Duarle Barbosa. Trans. Dames. 1918.
Burnier. F
Travels. Edited by constable. Two Volumes Ed.
1914.
Burnies. J. Visit
to the Court of Sinde (1828). 1831
Burton, Sir R. H.
Scinde or the Unhappy Valley. 1851.
Burton, Sir. R.H.
Sind and the Races that inhabit the valley of
the Indus. 1851.
De Laet. De
Imperio Magno Mogoli sive India vera,
Commentarius ex varus Ancloribus Congestus.
Leyden, 16131. Trans. Hoyland. 1928.
Del Hoste. Sind
Mission Memoirs. 1832.
Della Valle.
Travels in India. Ed. 1892.
Hamilton. New
Acount of the East Indies in Pinkerton's
Travels. Vol. VIII.
Kennedy.
Narrative of Compaign of Army of the Indus in
Sind. 1840.
Linschoten.
Voyage to the East Indies. Ed. 1884.
Macmurdo.
'Account of the Country of Sindh. 'J.R.A.S,
Bombay, 1834.
Mandelslo.
Travels in Western India (1638-9). M. S.
Commissariat. 1931.
Mandelslo.
'Voyages and Travels.' J.R.A.S 1915.
Manrique. The
Travels of Sebastian Manrique (1629-43). Ed.
Luard and Hosten. Hakluyt Society, 1926-7.
Manucci. A Pepys
of Moghul India. Irvine, 1923.
Manucci. Storia
do Mogor (1653-1708) Tans. Irvine, 1907-8.
Masson. Journals,
1826. Bombay Secretariat Selections, 1906.
Ovington. Voyage
to Surat (1689-96) Ed. Rawlinson, 1929.
Pelseart.
Jhangir's India. (The Remostraintie of F.
Pelseart.) Trans. Moreland and Geyl, 1925.
Pottinger.
Travels in Beluchiestan and Sinde. 1816.
Postans. Capt. T.
Personal Observations on Sindh, the manners and
cusloms of its inhabitants. 1843.
Postans. Mrs.
Cutch and Random Sketches of Western Indioa.
1839.
Tavernier. J. B.
The Six voyages. Trans. Ball, 1889.
Terry. Voyage to
East India. 1777.
Thevenot.
Travels. Trans. Lovell, 1687.
Von Orlich.
Travels. In India. 1845.
Withington, N. In
Early Travels in India (1583-1619) Ed. Foster,
1921.
6. MONOGRAPHS AND
SPECIAL STUDIES.
Altekar. History
of Village Communities in Western India. 1927.
Binyon. Court
Painters of the Great Moghals. 1921.
Edwardes and
Garrett. Moghul Rule in India. 1930.
Faruki. Aurangzeb
and His Times. 1935.
Garrett and
Others. The Legacy of India. 1937
Ibn Hasan.
Central Structure of the Mughal Empire. 1936.
Irvine. Later
Moghuls. 1922.
Irvine. Army of
the Moghuls. 1903.
Lane-Poole.
Medieval India under Muhammadan Rule (1712-64).
1903
Lane-Poole.
Aurangzeb. 1896.
Law. Promotion of
Learning in India during Muhammaddan rule. 1916.
Mackay. The Indus
Civilization. 1935.
Maclagan. The
Jesuits and the Grand Mogul. 1932.
Marshall. Mohan
jo Daro and the Indus Civilization. 1931
Moreland. India
at the Death of Akbar. 1920.
Moreland. From
Akber to Aurangzeb. 1923.
Reverty. Notes on
Afghanistan. 1880.
Reverty. The
Mihran of Sind and its Tributaries. 1892.
Rawlinson.
British Beginnings in Western India (1597-1657).
1920.
Rees. The
Muhammadans (1001-1761). 1894.
Rehetsek.
Reciprocal Influence of European and Muhammadan
Civilization. 1877.
Rice. Sir Charles
Napier. 1925.
Sarkar Jadunath.
Anecdotes of Aurangzaib. Second edition. 1915.
Sarkar Jadunath.
Hitory of Aurangzib. Five volumes. Vols. I and
II, 1912 and 1925. Vol. III, 1916 and 1928. vol.
IV, 1919 and 1930. Vol. V, 1925.
Sarkar Jadunath.
Mughul Administration. 1925.
Sarkar Jadunath.
Studies in Mughul India, 1919. Being the second
edition of Historical Essays published in 1913.
Spear. The
Nabobs: A study of social life of the English in
Eighteenth Century India. 1932.
Vincent Smith.
Akbar the Great Moghul. 1917.
7. PRINTED
COMPILATIONS OF RECORDS.
Foster. The
English Factories in India. All volumes
published up to date.
Various
dates. (Abbreviated in notes as E.F.I.)
Foster.
Letters Received by the East India Company from
its Servants in the
East. All
volumes published. Various dates.
8. BOMBAY
GOVERNMENT RECORDS.
A. reference.
Kindersley, A. F.
A Handbook of the Bombay Government Records.
Bombay, 1921.
B. records.
compilations, selections and extracts.
Factory and
Presidency Records. Scind Factory
1762-4. No. 192.
Forrcst, G. W.
Selections from the Records of the Government of
Bombay.
1. Selections
from State Papers, Bombay.
2. Selections
from the Surat Letters, 1630-1700.
3. Selections
from the Bombay Letters, 1677-1742.
4. Selections
from the Surat Diaries, 1722-88.
Forrest, G. W.
Index to Selections : Home Series. Vols. I
and II.
Forrest, G.
W. Catalogue of Contents of Bombay
Secretariat Records
(1630-1780).
Bombay, 1887.
Press List of
Ancient Documents preserved in the Bombay
Record Office 1720-1740. O Press List of Ancient
Documents preserved in the Bombay Record Office
1740-1760.
Printed Volumes
of Selections from the Records of the Government
of Bombay: Old, New and Irrigation Series.
C. descriptive
accounts ok British districts.
Report on the
District of Sahila lately resumed from His
Highness Ali Murad by Lieutenant J. T. Jamcson,
Deputy Collector of Hyderabad, Sindh,
1853, Old Series.
Reports on the
districts lately resumed from Meer Alii Moorad
in Sind by Lieutenants Webster, Lestcr
and Dickson, Deputy Collectors in the
Shikarpur Collect
orate, 1853. Old Series, No. 13.
Memoirs of
Shikarpure : the Syeds of Roree and
Bukkur : the Khyrpur Stale, The States
and tribes in the frontier of Upper Sind :
the bay, horbour town and trade of Kurrachee :
the province of Lus : the city
of Tatta and its
environs. Selection No. 17, New Series, 1855.
Reports on the
country between Kurrachee, Tatta and Sehwan :
narratives of visits to Beyla and the port of
Son Meeanee.
Report on the
Manchur Lake and Arul and Nara rivers.
Report on the
Purgunna of Chandookah in Upper Sind. In
Vol. 17, 1855.
D. irrigation.
Report on the
management of Canals and Forests in Scinde by
Lt.-Colonel Walter Scott of the Bombay
Engineers. 1853. Vol. 7. Old Series.
Correspondence
relating to the canal clearances in the
Hyderabad Collectorate in 1854-5. Vol. 36. 1856.
Papers relating
to Canal irrigation in Sind with suggestions for
its improvement, with seven plans in a separate
case. Vol. 69. 1863.
E.
OFFICIAL Correspondence ON THE
ABOLITION OF STATUTE OR
Forced labour in
sind. Vol. 34. 1856.
F.
MONOGRAPHS FOUND USEFUL IN THIS WORK.
Mr Callendar's
Narritive of causes to which the great decline
of trade in Scindy is to be attributed. Public
Dept. Diary, 1775. 68a, pp. 250 sqq.
Nathan Crowe's
account of Sind, 1799. In MSS. Selections No.
93 of 1802.
Comp. No. 55 of
1802.
David Seton's
History of the Caloras, 1808. In Selection
No. 93 of 1802-9.
Comp. No. 62/08.
Lieutenant Pottinger's Sind Mission Memoirs
and Sketch. Vol. No. 571 Political
Department 1832, pp. 123-338.
Lieutenant Del
Hoste's Sind Mission Memoirs. In
Secret and Political
Department Vol.
No. 571, 1832, pp. 4-96.
Masson's
Journals, in Selections from the Travels and
Journals preserved
in the Bombay
Secretariat. Edited by G. W. Forrest, 1906,
pp. 103 aqq. Heddle's Memoir on the River
Indus, in Bombay Government Records,
XVII, New Series,
Part II, May 1836, pp. 401-57. Carless's
Memoir on the Delta of the Indus.
Same volume. September
1837. pp.
459-540. Reports by Commissioner in Sind.
Revenue Department, 1848. Revenue Arrangement
Sindh, Vol. 203, pp. 5-37.
James's
Report on the Purgunnah of Chandookah.
December 1847, in
Bombay Government
Selections, No. XVII, New Series, Part II, pp.
709-74.
Report on Town
and Port of Kurachee by Captain S. V. W. Hart,
1840, in above Selection, Part I, pp. 216 sqq.
Topographical
Report of the City of Karachi nnd its
environs by J. W.
Winchester,
M.R.C.S., in above selection. Part I, pp. 272
sqq.
G. note.
The extracts
given from the Bombay Government Records
relating to the Second Factory in Sind arc taken
from the Sind Factory Diary, 1762-4, from Public
Department Diaries, from Secret and Political
Department Diaries, from Secretariat Inward
Letter Books and from Mr Warden's Compilation in
Extracts, 1754-77 as shown in the footnotes
under the various years. (Abbreviated in notes
as P.D.D., S.P.D., and S.I.L.B. respectively.)
Some of the
material later published by Burton in his
History of Sindh appears in the Bombay
Government Records in the form of reports by
Lieutenant Burton.
Postans in his
Personal Observations on Sindh has incorporated
(without clear acknowledgement) large portions
of Mr Callcndar's Narrative. In the same work
Postans has reprinted as an appendix (pp.
361-74) the ' Official Report on the state and
navigation of the Indus below Hyderabad ' by
Lieutenant Carlcss, Indian Navy.
part II
LITERARY, CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
I. SHAH ABDUL
LATIF.
(a) editions.
Ernest Trumpp.
The Risalo. 1866.
Tarachand
Showkiram. The Risalo. 1900. Gurbuxani,
H. M. The Risalo. 1923.
(b) abridgements.
Kazi Ahmad
Shah. Risalo jo Muntakhab. 1919 and
subsequent editions.
Bhojraj Pokardas
Kalro. Risale jo Muntakhab. 1935.Sixth
edition.
Pokardas
Thanwardas. Risale jo Muntakhab. 1929.
(c) commentaries
and critical works.
Gurbuxani, H.
M. The Risalo. 1923 and later. Lilaram
Watanmal. Shah Latif.
Mirza Kalich
Beg. Laphdi Latifi. 1914.
Mirzn Kalieh
Beg. Shah Abbul Latif Bhitai. 1910.
Mahmud Buksh Wasif. Sharaha Latif. 1925.
(d) Expository
works.
Kincaid, C.
A. ' Sindhi Old Ballad of Kauro
and Chanesar.' Journal of
Anthropological
Socitly of Bombay, Vol. XI
Gidwani, M.
M. Shah AbdulLatif. 1922.
Jethmal Parsram.
Shah jun Akhuniun. 1923 and later.
Jethmal
Parsram.Sindh and its Sufis. 1924.
Sigma (Dayaram
Gidumal). Something about Slnd. 1882.
(c) SELECTIONS
from shah ABDUL LATIF and other sindhi poets.
Lalchand A.
Jagtiani. 'Manik Moti, Lal' 1927.
Lalchand A.
Jagtiani 'Shairana Gul' 1928.
Thanwardas and
Sons. ' Sufiana Kalam.' 1927.
Bherumal
Meharchand. ' Chund Kalam' 1932.
Menghraj S.
Nangraini. ' Shirin Kalam' 1933.
Agha Sufi G.
G. ' Sachal Sarmast.' 1933.
(f) SINDHI WORKS
OF SPECIALIZED INTERSET.
Bilimoria, N.
N. Bibliographyof Publication on Sind and
Baluchistan. 1930.
Jethmal Persram.
Interesting New Ballads, Twelve Parts. 1927.
Lalwani, H.H. and
Khemani, R.M Tawarikh sindh. 1927.
Jethmal Persram.
Kadim Sindh. 1925.
Jethmal Persram.
Saints of India and Sind. 1926.
Tahilram
Assudomal. Biography of saint Udero Lal. 1926.
Mirza Kalich Beg.
Kadim Sindh. 1925.
Mahmud Sidik
Mahmud Usif Memon. Intakhab: Tawarikh Tahiri.
1925.
2. GENERAL
LITERATURE, AESTHETICS AND CRITICISM.
Baksh, S. Khuda.
Essays and Studies-Indian and Islamic. London,
1912-27.
Harford, C.H.
some-Approaches to Religion through Poerty. John
Rylands Library Bulletin. 1922.
Hadwo W.H.
Comparison of Poetry and Music, Cambridge. 1926.
Steer, W.T. The
Meaning of Beauty. London, 1929.
Neihardt, J.G.
Poetic Values, New York, 1929.
Simpson, H.F. The
Language of Poetry. London, 1925.
Drinkwater, J.
The Poet and Communication. London, 1923.
Ellies, A.
Willams. An Anatomy of Poetry. Oxford, 1922.
Carritt, E.F. The
Theory of Beaty, London, 1928.
Puran Singh. The
Spirit of Oriental Poetry. London, 1926.
Mordell, A. The
Literature of Ecstasy. London (Melrose). N.D
Graves, R. Poetic
Unreason. London, 1925.
Wicksteed, P.H.
From Danle to Aquinuas. London, 1913.
Santayana, G.
Poetry and Religion. New York, 1906.
Richards, I. A
The Principles of Literary Criticism. London,
1925.
Moore, T Sturge.
Armour for Aphrodite. London, 1929.
Sayid Abudl Latif.
The Influence of English Literature on Urdu
Literature. London, 1926.
3. ISLAM, ISLAMIC
MYSTICISM AND SUFISM
Ross, E. Denison.
Islam. London, 1927.
Arnold, T.W. The
Islamic Faith. London, 1928.
North, C.R. An
Outline of Islam. London, 1934.
Brown, J.P. The
Darvishes. Edited by H.A Rose. Oxford, 1927.
Buksh, S. Khuda.
Essays and Studies-Indian and Islamic, London,
1922, 1927.
Arnold, T. W.
The Preaching of Islam. London, 1913.
Brownc, E. G.
A Literary History of Persia, Four
volumes. London and Cambridge, 1909-24.
The Encyclopaedia
of Islam. (In progress.) London, 1913
onwards.
Archer, J. C.
Mystical Elements in Mohammad. Newhaven,
1924.
Herklots' Islam
in India. Edited by W. Crooke. Oxford,
1921.
Macdonald, D.
B. Aspects of Islam. New York, 1911.
Amir Ali.
The Spirit of Islam. London. N.D.
Rothfeld, O.
Umar Khayyam and His Age. Bombay, 1922.
Sell, E. The
Faith of Islam. London, 1880.
Zwemer, S. M.
The Moslem Doctrine of God. London, 1905.
Whinfield, E. H.
'Hellenism and Muhammadanism.' J.R.A.S.,
1905.
Macdonald, D.
B. (trans.). ' Emotional Religion in
Islam as affected by Music and Singing."
J.R.A.S., 1901.
Gibb, H. A.
R. Arabic Literature—an Introduction.
London, 1926.
Guillaume,
A. The Traditions of Islam. Oxford,
1924.
Becker, C. H.
Christianity and Islam. Translated by H. J.
Chatter. London and New York, 1909.
Lyall, Sir C.
J. ' Pictorial Aspects of Ancient
Arabia.' J.R.A.S., 1912.
Amedroz, H.
F. ' Notes on Some Sufi Lives.' J.R.A.S.,
1912.
Bowen, H. The
Life and Times of All Ben Isa. Cambridge,
1928.
Cash, W. W.
The Expansion of Islam. 1928.
Asin, M. Islam
and the Divine Comedy. Translated by H.
Sunderland. London, 1926.
Macdonald, D.
B. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence
and Constitutional Theory. 1915.
Macdonald, D.
B. The Religious Attitude and Life in
Islam. 1909.
Nicholson, R.
A. Studies in Islamic Poetry. 1921.
Nicholson, R.
A. The Mystics of Islam, 19.14.
Nicholson, R.
A. Translations of Eastern Prose and Poetry.
Cambridge, 1922.
Arnold, T. W.
and Guillaumc, A. (eds.). The Legacy of Islam.
London, 1931.
de Beer, T.
J. The History of Philosophy in Islam.
London, 1903.
Gardner, W.
H. T. (Trans.). Al-Ghazzali—Mishkat-al-anwar.
London,
1924.
Nicholson, R.
A. Studies in Islamic Mysticism. 1921.
Bell, R.
The Origin of Islam in its Christian
Environment. Edinburgh, 1925.
Nicholson, R.
A. Literary History of the Arabs. 1907.
Mir Hasan Ali,
Mrs. Observations on the Mussulmans of India.
London, 1832.
Churton, W. A. '
Sufism or the Doctrines of the Mystics of
Islam,' in Appendix to Persian Poetry for
English Readers. Private, 1883.
Nicholson, R.
A. The Idea of Personality in Sufism.
Cambridge, 1923.
O'Leary, D.
Lacey. Arabic Thought and its Place in
History. London,
1922.
Nicholson, R.
A. 'The Goal of Muhammadan Mysticism.' J.R.A.S.,
1913.
Nicholson, R. A.
' A Historical Enquiry concerning the Origin and
Development of Sufism.' J.R.A.S., 1906.
Arberry, A. J.
(trans.). The Doctrine of the Siifis—Abu Bakr al
Kalabadhi. Cambridge, 1935.
4.
MYSTICISM, RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.
Myers, F. W.
H. Human Personality. London, 1903.
Webb, C. C. J.
God and. Personality. Aberdeen, 1919.
Leuba, J. H.
Psychology of 'Religious Belief. London,
1925.
Crooke, W.
The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern
India. London, 1896.
Underhill, E.
Mysticism. London, 1911.
Jones, R. M.
Studies in Mystical Religion. London, 1909.
Inge, W. R.
Studies of English'Mystics. London, 1905.
Inge, W. R.
Personal Idealism and Mysticism. 1924.
Farquhar, J.
N. Outline of the Religious Literature of
India. Oxford, 1920.
Inge, W. R.
Christian Mysticism. London, 1899.
Russell,
Bertrand. Our Knowledge of the External
World. London, 1922.
Inge, W. R.
The Platonic Tradition in English Religious
Thought. London, 1926.
Streeter, B.
H. Reality. London, 1927. Jenkins, G.
C. ' The Religious Contribution of the
Middle Ages,' in Medieval Contributions to
Modern Civilization. London, 1921.
Royce, J. The
Problem of Christianity. New York, 1913.
Taylor, H. O.
The freedom of the Mind in History. London,
1923.
Kolbe, F. The
Four Mysteries of Faith. London, 1926.
Deissman, A.
Paul: A study in social and religious
history. Translated by W. E. Wilson.
London, 1926.
Hello, E.
Studies in Saintship. London, 1903.
Deussen, P.
The Vedanta System of Philosophy. Translated
by Woods and Rinkle. Harvard, 1915.
Brown, W.
Personality and Religion. London, 1926.
Flint, R. Agnosticism. Edinburgh, 1903.
de Wulf, M.
History of Medieval Philosophy. London, 1926.
Vossler, K.
Medieval Culture—An Introduction to Dante and
His Times. Translated by W. C. Lawton.
London, 1929.
Joad, C. E.
M. The Present and Future of Religion.
London, 1930.
Robertson, J.
M. History of Free Thought. London, 1915.
Jones, R. M.
More Studies in Mystical Religion. London,
1927.
Spurgeon, C. F.
E. Mysticism in English Literature.
Cambridge, 1913. Lehmann, E. Mysticism.
Translated by C. M. G. Hunt. London, 1910.
5. POETICAL
WORKS.
Farid-ud-din
Attar :
Masani, R.
P. Mantiq-ut-tair. Abridged version.
Oxford, 1924.
Ghulam Muhammad
Abid Shaikh (trans.). Ahmedabad. Lines
1-1170.
N.D. Jalal-ud-din
Rumi :
Redhouse, J.
W. Metrical Translation of First Book of the
Masnawi. London, 1881.
Whinfield, E. H.
(trans.). Commentary by R. A. Nicholson.
Masnawi-i-Manawi. Cambridge, 1926.
Wilson, C. E.
(trans.). The Masnawi. Book III.
London, 1910.
Whinfield,
E. H. (trans.). Masnawi-i-Manawl
Spiritual Couplets.
London, 1887.
Bell, G. L.
(trans.). Poems from the Diwan-i-Hafiz.
London, 1928.
Whinfield, E.
H.'(trans.). Gul Shan-i-Raz. Sa'id UdDin
Mahmud Shabistai.
London, 1880.
Watkins, J. M.
Selections from Hafiz. London, 1926.
Nicholson, R.
A. (trans.). Selected Poems from the Diwan
Shamsi Tabriz.
Cambridge, 1898.
Davis, F.
Hadland (trans.). Shamsi Tabriz.
London, 1907.
Browne, E. G.
(trans.). The Tarjibund of Sayid Ahmad
Hatif of Isfahan.
Cambridge, 1924.
Davis, F. Hadland
(trans.). jami Selections. London, 1915.
Waller, A. R.
(ed,.). Poems of Richard Crashaw.
Cambridge, 1904.
Ellis and Yeats
(eds.). Works of William Blake. Three
volumes. London,
1893.
Blake.
Poetical Works including Prophetic
Books. Ellis (cd.). London, 1906.
6. MUSIC.
Strangways, A. H.
Fox. The Music of Hindustan. Oxford,
1914.
Popley, H. A.
The Music of India. Madras, 1921.
Jones, Sir
William. ' On the Musical Modes of
the Hindus.'Asiatic Researches. 1799.
Clements, E.
Introduction to the Study of Indian Music.
London, 1913. Bhatkonde, N. V. Short
Historical Survey of the Music of Northern
India. Baroda, 1916.
Atiya Begum Fyzee
Rahaman. The Music of India. London, 1925.
Rosenthal,
E. Indian Music and Instruments. London,
1928.
Sarkies, S.
J. Treatise on the Similarity between
European and Indian Music. Calcutta, 1930.
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